RFE/RL Newsline, Vol. 4, No. 108, 00-06-05

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RFE/RL NEWSLINE

Vol. 4, No. 108, 5 June 2000

CONTENTS

[A] TRANSCAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIA

[01] ARMENIAN LEADERS REASSURE WORLD BANK...

[02] ...AND IMF

[03] ARMENIAN PRESIDENTIAL AIDE CLEARED OVER PARLIAMENT SHOOTINGS

[04] RANSOM DEMANDED FOR UN OFFICIALS IN GEORGIA

[05] COUNCIL OF EUROPE COMMISSIONER MEETS WITH CHECHEN REFUGEES IN

[06] KYRGYZ PROTESTERS TAKE PARLIAMENT DEPUTIES TO COURT

[07] TAJIK AMBASSADOR TO KAZAKHSTAN RETURNS 'TEMPORARILY' TO

[08] KYRGYZ SECURITY OFFICIAL ANTICIPATES ISLAMIC MILITANT

[09] REGIONAL OFFICIAL ASSASSINATED IN TAJIKISTAN

[10] OSCE CHAIRWOMAN VISITS UZBEKISTAN

[B] SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE

[11] MODERATE SERBS LEAVE KOSOVA COUNCIL...

[12] ...CALL FOR STRONGER POLICE PRESENCE

[13] SERBIAN OPPOSITION LEADER WANTS KOUCHNER TO RESIGN

[14] KOUCHNER SHUTS DOWN ALBANIAN-LANGUAGE DAILY

[15] BELGRADE PROTESTS TO SKOPJE

[16] JUL'S BELGRADE OFFICE RANSACKED

[17] SERBIAN REGIME MAKES MORE ARRESTS

[18] ALBRIGHT BACKS DJUKANOVIC

[19] BULATOVIC: DJUKANOVIC ACTING UNDER WESTERN ORDERS

[20] PLAVSIC SETS UP NEW POLITICAL PARTY

[21] FIRST MUSLIMS RETURN TO SREBRENICA AREA

[22] LOW TURNOUT IN ROMANIAN LOCAL ELECTIONS

[23] MOLDOVAN PARLIAMENT REPLACES RADIO-TELEVISION LEADERSHIP

[24] BULGARIA SAYS MEDICS TORTURED IN LIBYA

[C] END NOTE

[25] LANGUAGE AND ETHNICITY IN KYRGYZSTAN

[A] TRANSCAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIA

[01] ARMENIAN LEADERS REASSURE WORLD BANK...

Prime Minister Andranik Markarian assured World Bank regional

director Judy O'Connor in Yerevan on 2 June that his cabinet

will continue the strategy of economic reforms agreed on by

the bank and the two previous governments, RFE/RL's Yerevan

bureau reported, citing Markarian's press office. The premier

said he hopes that the World Bank will release the promised

structural adjustment loans that are to cover about half of

the government's budget deficit. Release of two separate loan

tranches totaling $55 million is conditional on the

privatization of four energy distribution networks, which the

parliament voted in late April to suspend (see "RFE/RL

Newsline," 26 April 2000). Government officials have said the

privatization will go ahead, despite legislators' opposition.

LF

[02] ...AND IMF

with a senior IMF delegation headed by the deputy director of

the fund's European department, Thomas Wulf. Wulf was said to

have expressed concern over Armenia's most recent

macroeconomic indicators, including first quarter GDP growth

of less than 1 percent. Kocharian attributed those

disappointing figures to the tense political situation during

the first few months of the year and expressed confidence

that the situation will improve over the next few months. The

IMF and the Armenian authorities have reportedly been

negotiating a new Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility, a

low-interest loan designed to strengthen the country's highly

unfavorable balance of payments. Both Kocharian and Markarian

responded to expressions of concern over corruption, vowing

to implement a comprehensive "anti-corruption program"

intended to create a more favorable business climate in

Armenia. LF

[03] ARMENIAN PRESIDENTIAL AIDE CLEARED OVER PARLIAMENT SHOOTINGS

parliament shootings has closed the criminal case brought

against presidential aide Aleksan Harutiunian in connection

with that incident, citing a lack of evidence, RFE/RL's

Yerevan bureau reported on 2 June. Harutiunian had been taken

into custody in late December and charged with "inciting" the

five gunmen who perpetrated the killings, but he was released

in mid-April after a Yerevan court ruled that there were no

grounds for detaining him further. Also on 2 June, Armenian

National Television Deputy Director Harutiun Harutiunian (no

relation to Aleksan) was released from pre-trial detention

after similarly spending almost six months in jail on charges

of complicity in the 27 October killings. But the charges

against him have not been dropped, and he was required to

sign a pledge not to leave Yerevan or to divulge details of

the investigation. Two other persons accused of "helping" and

"inciting" the killers are also likely to be freed shortly,

following the retraction by the gunmen's leader, Nairi

Hunanian, of his previous testimony. LF

[04] RANSOM DEMANDED FOR UN OFFICIALS IN GEORGIA

unidentified men who on 1 June abducted two Danish army

officers serving with the UN observer force in Georgia, two

employees of the Halo anti-landmine NGO, and their Abkhaz

interpreter in Abkhazia's Kodori gorge, released one of the

Halo employees on 3 June. Interfax quoted Veselin Kostov, who

is political secretary at the UN mission in Georgia, as

saying that the kidnappers are demanding a ransom for the

release of the remaining four hostages. He did not cite a

figure, but unofficial reports say the sum is between

$300,000 and $500,000. In a telephone conversation on 3 June,

Georgian President Eduard Shevardnadze and Abkhaz leader

Vladislav Ardzinba pledged to coordinate the efforts of their

respective security bodies to obtain the hostages' release.

Abkhaz Security Service chief Raul Khazhimba on 2 June blamed

the kidnapping on Georgian guerrillas operating in western

Georgia, but a spokesmen for the guerrillas denied

responsibility. Kodori Governor Iveri Chelidze, who mediated

in previous abductions in Kodori in July and October 1999, is

trying to establish contact with the abductors. LF

[05] COUNCIL OF EUROPE COMMISSIONER MEETS WITH CHECHEN REFUGEES IN

Alvaro Gil-Robles, who is the Council of Europe's

human rights commissioner, met on 4 June with Chechen

refugees now living temporarily in Georgia's Pankisi gorge,

which borders on Chechnya, Interfax reported. Some of the

refugees complained that the humanitarian aid they receive is

inadequate. Local residents have complained that the so-

called refugees included Chechen fighters. On 2 June, former

Georgian Defense Minister Tengiz Kitovani warned that the

presence of Chechen fighters on Georgian territory could

provoke Moscow to launch air strikes against Georgia,

Interfax reported. He claimed those fighters engage in

abductions and drug trafficking. LF

[06] KYRGYZ PROTESTERS TAKE PARLIAMENT DEPUTIES TO COURT

permanent participants in the ongoing picket in Bishkek have

brought a libel suit against parliamentary deputies,

including speaker Abdygany Erkebaev, who claimed in an open

letter to the U.S. Congress in April that the demonstrators

were being paid to stage their protest, RFE/RL's Bishkek

bureau reported on 3 June. Participants in the picket, which

entered its 81st day on 4 June, are demanding the release of

arrested opposition Ar-Namys party leader Feliks Kulov and

the annulment of the parliamentary poll held in February-

March. Some 30 voters from the southern town of Kadamjai

joined the core of permanent protesters on 3 June to demand

repeat elections in their constituency after the Osh Oblast

court upheld a local court ruling that their candidate,

Nooman Arkebaev, was defeated in the 12 March runoff. Also on

3 June, Kulov's lawyer Lyubov Ivanova told an RFE/RL

correspondent in Bishkek that Kulov's trial on charges of

abusing his official position while he occupied the post of

national security minister may begin before the end of this

month. LF

[07] TAJIK AMBASSADOR TO KAZAKHSTAN RETURNS 'TEMPORARILY' TO

Sadullodzhan Negmatov, in whose official car Kazakh

security officials found some 86 kilograms of heroin in a

search late last month (see "RFE/RL Newsline," 24 and 26 May

2000), has returned to Dushanbe, Interfax reported on 3 June,

citing the Kazakh Foreign Ministry. Kazakhstan's National

Security Committee had reported the previous day that

Negmatov had "fled" Kazakhstan. Five Tajik citizens remain in

custody in Almaty in connection with the drug haul. The Tajik

Foreign Ministry has formally denied that Negmatov is in any

way involved in drug smuggling. LF

[08] KYRGYZ SECURITY OFFICIAL ANTICIPATES ISLAMIC MILITANT

General Bolot Januzakov, who is secretary of the

Kyrgyz Security Council, told an RFE/RL correspondent in

Bishkek on 2 June that 2,000-5,000 Islamic rebels are being

trained at military bases in the Tavildara province of

neighboring Tajikistan and could invade Kyrgyzstan at any

time. He said that although Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan

leader Djuma Namangani is currently in Afghanistan, most of

the approximately 800 people who accompanied him there from

Tajikistan in late April were elderly people or children.

Namangani's fighters remained in Tajikistan, he added.

Djanuzakov said that Kyrgyzstan is capable of repelling any

attack by the militants. LF

[09] REGIONAL OFFICIAL ASSASSINATED IN TAJIKISTAN

Davlatov, a member of the ruling People's Democratic Party,

was shot dead by unidentified assailants on 3 June while

returning from Dushanbe to Garm Oblast in eastern Tajikistan,

where he held the post of local governor, AP and Reuters

reported. His driver and bodyguard were also killed. Davlatov

had earlier supported the United Tajik Opposition. LF

[10] OSCE CHAIRWOMAN VISITS UZBEKISTAN

tour of the Central Asian states, Austrian Foreign Minister

and OSCE Chairwoman in Office Benita Ferrero-Waldner held

talks in Tashkent on 2 June with Uzbekistan's President Islam

Karimov on the domestic political situation and the situation

in neighboring Uzbekistan, ITAR-TASS reported. Karimov

assured Ferrero-Waldner that the Taliban claims that Uzbek

war planes violated Afghanistan's airspace several days

earlier are untrue. Ferrero-Waldner also discussed with Uzbek

Foreign Minister Abdulaziz Kamilov bilateral cooperation

between Uzbekistan and Austria and between Uzbekistan and the

OSCE, Interfax reported. LF

[B] SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE

[11] MODERATE SERBS LEAVE KOSOVA COUNCIL...

leader of the moderate Serbian National Council (SNV) in

Kosova, said at the Gracanica monastery on 4 June that the

SNV's 62 members have suspended their participation as

observers in the UN's transitional advisory council for the

province. Sava added that the SNV will consider rejoining the

UN's council after a delegation of SNV members returns from

an upcoming meeting with the UN Security Council in New York,

AP reported. The monk stressed that the recent deaths of

eight Kosova Serbs in four incidents within a week or so have

demonstrated the unwillingness or the inability of the UN's

representatives in Kosova to combat "Albanian terrorism" and

"take on the ethnic Albanian leaders suspected of

involvement...in ethnic violence and organized crime,"

London's "The Guardian" reported (see "RFE/RL Newsline," 2

June 2000). "What we have...is not only individual acts of

revenge, but attempts to organize the expulsion of Serbs from

[Kosova], as well as other non-Albanian communities...in

order to create better preconditions for the declaration of

independence" of the province, Sava added. PM

[12] ...CALL FOR STRONGER POLICE PRESENCE

Gracanica on 4 June that "the [international community's]

entire strategy has to be changed. KFOR is a military force.

They are not trained to fight against the Mafia and organized

gangs. There are not enough policemen, especially policemen

trained to fight organized crime," AP reported. Sava added

that Kosova needs specially-trained anti-terrorism units that

will be able to "identify perpetrators and groups who are

trying to destabilize the situation." The monk did not say

where he expects the understaffed UN police force in the

province to find such forces. But he added that the SNV

"cannot allow the international community to stand by and do

nothing. They should fight this organized crime just as they

fought [Yugoslav President Slobodan] Milosevic and his state

terrorism," Reuters reported. PM

[13] SERBIAN OPPOSITION LEADER WANTS KOUCHNER TO RESIGN

Batic, who is one of the leaders of the Alliance for Change

in Serbia, said in an open letter that Bernard Kouchner, who

is the UN's chief administrator in Kosova, should resign if

he is unable to better defend the interests of the province's

Serbs, "Danas" reported on 5 June. Batic added that resigning

is the only morally appropriate thing for Kouchner to do if

he cannot better protect all the inhabitants of the province,

as he promised to do in 1999 when he arrived in Kosova. PM

[14] KOUCHNER SHUTS DOWN ALBANIAN-LANGUAGE DAILY

KFOR soldiers occupied the Prishtina offices of the daily

"Dita" on 3 June. Kouchner ordered the newspaper temporarily

closed down because it published an article in April alleging

that Serbian UN worker Petar Topoljski committed atrocities

against Kosovars during the 1999 conflict. UN officials have

suggested that there was a link between the article and the

murder of Topoljski in May (see "RFRE/RL Newsline," 18 May

2000). A spokeswoman for Kouchner stressed that persons

seeking justice must use the legal system and not take the

law into their own hands, AP reported. "Dita's" publisher

Behlul Beqaj, who is a long-standing political adviser to

Kosovar leader Hashim Thaci, argued that the paper published

"facts" and that "if we cover up the facts, we will provoke

more hatred." Beqaj stressed that journalists have a "moral,

professional, and national responsibility" to present

evidence against "criminals," dpa reported. PM

[15] BELGRADE PROTESTS TO SKOPJE

Foreign Ministry presented a demarche to the Macedonian

ambassador on 3 June to protest the recent visit by Prime

Minister Ljubco Georgievski to Kosova (see "RFE/RL Newsline,"

29 May 2000). The Macedonian government rejected the note,

saying that Belgrade had been officially informed in advance

of the visit, RFE/RL's South Slavic Service reported.

Georgievski and Thaci discussed the opening of a Macedonian

commercial office in Prishtina and possibly a diplomatic

mission as well. Belgrade insists that Kosova is an integral

part of Serbia and that Kosova's foreign relations are

Belgrade's affair. PM

[16] JUL'S BELGRADE OFFICE RANSACKED

and ransacked the offices of the United Yugoslav Left (JUL)

in Belgrade's Zvezdara district on 3 June. The ultra-leftist

party, which is headed by Milosevic's wife, Mira Markovic,

issued a statement blaming the opposition: "This is the way

those who call themselves the democratic opposition are

trying to teach democracy lessons to JUL with the help of

their shock troops whom they call [the student movement]

Otpor (Resistance).... Like their NATO mentors did a year

ago, they are waging their dirty little war against our

country and our people, targeting those who prove all the

time how much they care about this people and this country,"

Reuters reported. PM

[17] SERBIAN REGIME MAKES MORE ARRESTS

on 3 June that opposition supporters Momcilo Veljkovic and

Radojko Lukovic must remain in detention for another month in

a case stemming from a brawl with several bodyguards of

Milosevic's son (see "RFE/RL Newsline," 4 May 2000). The

judges argued that freeing the men would "upset the public,"

"Danas" reported. Pozarevac is the hometown of the Milosevic

family and known among opposition supporters as the

"forbidden city." Meanwhile, police in several towns in

various parts of Serbia continued to arrest and detain Otpor

and other opposition activists. On 2 June, some 20 Otpor

members were detained in Smederevska Palanka alone. In

Ivanjica in south-central Serbia, police detained an 11-year-

old boy who waved an Otpor flag in public. Police also

questioned his father, who is an Otpor supporter. PM

[18] ALBRIGHT BACKS DJUKANOVIC

Albright told Montenegrin President Milo Djukanovic in Berlin

on 3 June that Washington is concerned following the recent

slaying of a Djukanovic aide (see "RFE/RL Newsline," 2 June

2000). PM

[19] BULATOVIC: DJUKANOVIC ACTING UNDER WESTERN ORDERS

Prime Minister Momir Bulatovic, who is Milosevic's chief

backer in Montenegro and Djukanovic's arch-rival, said in a

telephone interview from Belgrade on 3 June that "the

Montenegrin authorities are acting under direct instructions

of the governments that attacked Yugoslavia" in 1999, Reuters

reported. He stressed that NATO's aim is to "destabilize

Yugoslavia." In Montenegro, representatives of Milosevic's

Socialists arrived from Serbia to make joint campaign

appearances with Bulatovic's backers in connection with the

upcoming local elections in Podgorica and Herceg Novi,

RFE/RL's South Slavic Service reported on 3 June. PM

[20] PLAVSIC SETS UP NEW POLITICAL PARTY

President Biljana Plavsic narrowly lost a vote of confidence

at a meeting of her Serbian National Alliance (SNS) in Banja

Luka on 3 June. Many SNS members blame her for the party's

poor showing in the April municipal and local elections. On 4

June, Plavsic said that she and her backers have agreed to

form the Serbian National Alliance--Biljana Plavsic. She

blamed interference from leading Belgrade politicians,

including the Socialists' Nikola Sainovic and the Radicals'

Vojislav Seselj, for her defeat, "Oslobodjenje" reported. It

is unclear if Dragan Kostic, who is the SNS's new leader,

will keep the party in the governing coalition. Elsewhere in

Banja Luka, Socialist Party delegates re-elected Zivko

Radisic as their chairman on 3 June. PM

[21] FIRST MUSLIMS RETURN TO SREBRENICA AREA

families returned to the village of Suceska near Srebrenica

on 3 June, Reuters reported. They are the first sizeable

group of Muslims to go back to the area since the massacres

of Muslims by Serbian forces in 1995. One elderly Muslim

couple has returned to Srebrenica "to die." PM

[22] LOW TURNOUT IN ROMANIAN LOCAL ELECTIONS

of the more than 17 million registered voters cast ballots in

the first round of the local elections held on 4 June,

according to the latest figures available from the Central

Electoral Bureau. Exit polls indicate that in Bucharest, the

opposition Party of Social Democracy in Romania's mayoral

candidate, Sorin Oprescu, has a large lead (44 percent) over

Democratic Convention of Romania and Democratic Party

candidates Calin Catalin Chirita and Traian Basescu (17

percent each). A runoff, however, will be needed. The polls

also indicate that in Cluj, extreme nationalist Mayor

Gheorghe Funar, running on the Greater Romania Party ticket,

has secured re-election with more than 50 percent support.

Also re-elected is Iasi Mayor Constantin Simirad, leader of

the Moldovans' Party, who is reported to have nearly 52

percent support. MS

[23] MOLDOVAN PARLIAMENT REPLACES RADIO-TELEVISION LEADERSHIP

parliament on 2 June voted to dismiss Tudor Olaru as chairman

of the Teleradio-Moldova company, Constantin Rotaru as

director of national radio, and Arcadie Gherasim as director

of state television, RFE/RL's Chisinau bureau reported. The

Party of Moldovan Communists accused the three of a "lack of

professionalism" and of condoning biased reporting. The move

was supported by the opposition For a Democratic and

Prosperous Moldova Bloc (PDAM), a member of the opposition

Alliance for Democracy and Reforms (ADR) umbrella

organization. ADR Chairman Alexandru Mosanu responded that

the ADR still exists but might decide to expel the PDAM from

its ranks. Communist deputy Iulian Magaleas was appointed new

Teleradio-Moldova chairman. The new television director is

Anatol Babel, editor-in chief of the PDAM's daily organ,

while the new radio director is Vasile Gribincea, until now

deputy editor in chief of the station's news department. MS

[24] BULGARIA SAYS MEDICS TORTURED IN LIBYA

Teodosii Simeonov told journalists in Sofia on 2 June that

the six Bulgarian nationals on trial in Libya for allegedly

infecting children in a Benghazi hospital with the HIV virus

have been tortured, Reuters reported. He said one of the

accused, a nurse, had confessed but later withdrew the

confession, saying it was made under duress. Simeonov added

that the transcript of the interrogations were written in

Arabic and Bulgarian suspects were forced to sign them

without understanding their content. He also said that during

the investigation "there was pressure to convert to Islam."

In response, Libya called on Bulgaria to "avoid controversy"

and not to interfere with the justice system. Meanwhile, on 4

June, the trial was postponed for the fourth time. It is to

be resumed in September. MS

[C] END NOTE

[25] LANGUAGE AND ETHNICITY IN KYRGYZSTAN

Two recent events in Kyrgyzstan--the adoption of a law

making Russian an official language of the republic and the

announcement that Bishkek will resettle displaced Afghan

Kyrgyz--highlight the continuing tensions between civic and

ethnic nationalism that have marked Kyrgyz politics since

independence.

The language law is clearly a step toward the goal of

creating a civic society for all, regardless of ethnicity,

which is enshrined in President Askar Akaev's oft-quoted

slogan: "Kyrgyzstan is our common home." But the acceptance

of the Afghan Kyrgyz suggests that Kyrgyzstan remains

primarily the ethnic homeland of the Kyrgyz. This second

trend is highlighted by the continuing use of the legendary

Kyrgyz warrior-hero "Manas" as a cornerstone of state

ideology.

The tension between these two approaches has its origins

in linguistic imperialism during the Soviet times. Although

Kyrgyz is a rich and ancient language, Soviet officials

relegated it to second place behind Russian. Knowledge of

Russian became the key to social advancement, and Russian

education was given more priority in development planning.

CPSU General-Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of

"glasnost" was seen by many as an opportunity to reverse some

of these past injustices and restore a sense of dignity to

the Kyrgyz people. It also facilitated the adoption in 1989

of a law making Kyrgyz the state language. The intention was

that intellectual and political life in the republic should

be slowly switched into Kyrgyz.

The celebrations marking the 10th anniversary of the

language law in fall 1999 clearly showed, however, that this

intention was not fulfilled. In spite of upbeat talk

(government newspapers ran headlines such as "Kyrgyz language

is becoming an Internet language"), few non-Kyrgyz tried to

learn the language. Moreover, many Kyrgyz themselves remained

more comfortable with the Russian language in the workplace.

One independent newspaper warned that Kyrgyz was becoming

"the language of the old and the villagers," and professor of

linguistics Sherali Japarov warned that Kyrgyz may soon end

up a dead language, just like Latin and Sanskrit.

The passage in late May of legislation giving Russian

the status of "an official language" was thus recognition of

the failure of the 1989 law to achieve its aims and an

affirmation of the status quo. Although presented as a

measure to stem the outflow of Kyrgyzstan's Slavic

population, the move has essentially two political goals:

garnering support from the Russian-speaking population in the

run-up to the presidential vote this fall, and winning

Moscow's support for Bishkek.

The Russian language law has indeed won plaudits from

Russian speakers, but at the same time it has generated a

strong reaction from Kyrgyz nationalists who worry about the

fate of their language. This was predictable, and it may well

be that President Akaev's intention is to win support from

urban Kyrgyz communities and the non-Kyrgyz population as

well as to present himself as a liberal, intelligent leader

who alone blocks the nationalist hordes.

Indeed, the pro-Russian factor may have been important

in determining Bishkek's latest actions. Kyrgyzstan's

relationship with the West has soured following sharp Western

criticism of Kyrgyzstan's March parliamentary elections. As a

result, many in Kyrgyzstan view Putin as a potentially more

reliable and understanding ally. And perhaps it is no

coincidence that also in the same week as the language law

passed, the Soviet-era Komsomol youth league was re-launched,

and a pressure group campaigning for Kyrgyzstan's entrance

into the Russia-Belarus union was founded.

But the most important reason for Bishkek's actions may

lie in the increasing self-confidence among the Kyrgyz as a

nation. Since 1989, the Kyrgyz have achieved dominance in the

country, as wealth and political power have shifted into

their hands and educational possibilities increased. They

feel less threatened by other groups--who have generally

accepted their hegemony--and are therefore secure enough to

countenance the language law. Such a scenario would be harder

to imagine in contemporary Uzbekistan, where state

nationalism is very strong, or in Kazakhstan, where Turkic

domination over the Slavic population is less firmly

established.

Many foreign observers saw violent conflicts between

Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, and Tajiks in the early 1990s as augurs of

even worse conflicts. But Kyrgyzstan has generally avoided

the level of ethnic tensions that has existed over its

borders in Eastern Turkestan, Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan over

the last decade. This is because it has been able to tread a

careful path between asserting the repressed ethnic identity

of the Kyrgyz while seeking to develop a state with a strong

and inclusive civic identity. Anthropologist Nienke van der

Heide has commented on the way Kyrgyzstan's leaders move

between these two contradictory doctrines. This approach--

putting Manas in charge of the "common home," so to speak--is

surely one that bodes well for the future.

The author is a PhD candidate at the Department of Geography,

Cambridge University.

05-06-00

Reprinted with permission of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
URL: http://www.rferl.org

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